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:''This article is about the conjugation of verbs in the Georgian language (focused on examples). The reader is advised to see Georgian grammar, especially if not familiar with the language, before attempting to read this article.'' Georgian verb conjugation remains a difficult subject even for those who have been studying the language for a while. Even after studying over hundreds of verbs, one may still encounter a new verb whose conjugation deviates from what the person has learnt. This is not to say that the verbs are irregular, rather, to state that verbs in Georgian do not tend to conform to a "universal" conjugation system like in most other languages. Even native speakers may disagree on some verbs' conjugations. In verb conjugation, there are some important factors to keep track of: # Georgian has four classes of verbs: transitive, intransitive, medial and indirect verbs. Each class has its own set of rules of conjugation for all screeves. What makes it even more difficult is that there are numerous verbs in Georgian that do not seem to conform to the conjugation of one class (see irregular verbs below). # Preverb. Although preverbs may have directional meanings, most of the time it is totally arbitrary which verb takes which preverb. In addition, there are many verbs in Georgian that have a common verb stem. Since preverbs are absent in the present screeves, these verbs are identical in the present series, and differ in the rest of the series, because different preverbs are prefixed to the verb stem. A learner of the language has no choice but to learn the preverb of each verb. # Versions. The versioners in Georgian establish the language's polypersonalism. Although each version vowel has a specific meaning, most of the time, like preverbs, they have arbitrary meanings. Therefore when learning a new verb, the version vowel the verb employs should also be learnt. # Thematic suffix. Thematic suffixes are the stems that follow the root of the verb. They are used in the present and future screeves and are mostly (though not always) absent in the aorist and perfective screeves. Like preverbs and versions, thematic suffixes are not only arbitrary, but they also determine the conjugation in the aorist and perfective screeves for transitive (class 1) verbs. There are nine thematic suffixes in Georgian, and almost all the verbs have a specific thematic suffix. Again, when learning a new verb, the thematic suffix has to be learnt together with the other elements. # In addition, one also has to take into account which suffixal nominal marker is to be used for each verb. This is, however, not arbitrary. The use of appropriate suffixal nominal marker depends on the thematic suffix (as stated above). For each thematic suffix, there are set of rules whether the conjugation is strong or weak for the aorist series and the perfective series of screeves. These set of rules for each thematic suffix have to be mastered. # Georgian has ''many'' irregular verbs. It is not possible to give an exact number, because there are different levels of irregularities. Some verbs have different verb roots in different screeves and, thus, are considered irregular. Some other verbs use the same verb root throughout all the screeves, but their conjugations deviate from the normal paradigm of the verb class that they belong to. In addition, some indirect verbs (class 4) are also considered irregular, because they only behave like indirect verbs in the present screeves, and behave like transitive verbs (class 1) in the rest of the screeves. ==Class 1 (transitive verbs)== * In the present and future sub-series, the subject is in the nominative case and both the direct and indirect objects are in the dative case. The subject is indicated by the ''v''- set marker, while the object is indicated by the ''m''- set marker. * In the aorist series, the subject is in the ergative case while the direct object is in the nominative case. Indirect object is in the dative case. The subject is indicated by the ''v''- set marker, while the object is indicated by the ''m''- set marker. * In the perfective series, the subject is in the dative case while the direct object is in the nominative case. Indirect object is usually indicated with the post-position -''tvis'' (for). The subject is indicated by the ''m''- set marker, while the object is indicated by the ''v''- set marker. * In the present sub-series, the preverbs are absent, but the thematic suffixes do exist. * In the future sub-series, the preverbs emerge, and the thematic suffixes remain. * In the aorist series, the preverbs emerge, and the thematic suffixes are absent (mostly). * In the perfective series, the preverbs emerge, and, if the thematic suffix is ''-eb'', its presence depends on whether or not there is a vowel in the root of the verb. If there is a vowel, the thematic suffix remains, otherwise it is lost. Here is a full conjugation of a verb with all persons in all screeves: Verb root ''shen''; infinite form ''asheneba'' (to build) Present subseries The thematic suffix ''-eb'' is present, but without the preverb: Future subseries The preverb ''a-'' emerges: Aorist series The preverb is present; the thematic suffix is lost: Perfective series The preverb is present; the thematic suffix is present (due to vowel in root). N.B. subject is marked with the ''m-'' set, and the verb form here assumes a 3rd person singular direct object: Notes ¹ The imperfective screeve of class 1 verbs always takes the strong suffixal nominal marker -''i'' ² The present subjunctive screeve of class 1 verbs always takes the weak suffixal nominal marker -''e'' ³ Class 1 verbs which take the weak suffixal nominal marker in the aorist screeve, take the -''o''- nominal marker in the optative screeve, and verbs which take the strong suffixal nominal marker in the aorist screeve, take the -''a''- nominal marker in the optative screeve. † The perfective screeve of class 1 verbs always uses the -''i''- versioner. ‡ The pluperfect and the perfect subjunctive screeves of class 1 verbs always employ the -''e''- versioner. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Georgian verb paradigm」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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